The globalisation of trade Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

The globalisation of trade - Literature review Example For example, Starbuck was one American company which had coffee shops virtually in every corner of America before the introduction of globalization. Since their operations were saturated in America, they struggled a lot to find enough space in America for expansion. Globalization helped them to expand their operations to overseas countries. In short globalization helped international or cross cultural trade to increase a lot. Globalization of trade brought many opportunities and challenges. Some people argue that international trade helped countries to attract more foreign direct investments so that their economy started grow rapidly. They cite India and China like countries as examples to show how well a country can utilize globalization opportunities. In fact China opposed the â€Å"global economic order, political order and the major global institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank before the reforms started in China† (Overholt, 2005, p.3). However, they quickly reali zed the possibilities of global trade and globalization. It should be noted that these two most heavily populated countries in the world have been struggling for growth before the introduction of globalization. Their huge population size was a curse or barrier in front of their struggle for growth. However, globalization helped these countries to convert this population barrier into a blessing. In other words, these countries are currently the providers of manpower for international market in which manpower shortage is a big problem. â€Å"During 1997–2005, China’s average annual growth rate in real GDP was 8.9%. During the forecast period of 2005–2010, it was assumed that the PRC continued its historical growth trend of 8.9% per year† (Mai et al, 2010, p.5). Moreover, â€Å"the PRC’s exports increase by about 46%and imports by about 45% relative to their respective baseline levels in 2010†(Mai et al, 2010, p.7). According to Albert Keidel ( 2008), China’s economy will surpass that of the United States by 2035 and be twice its size by midcentury (Keidel, 2008). Indian economy also showed similar trends during the last few decades as a result of globalization of trade. The globalization of trade has assured the place of multi-national. It has been suggested that the role of such firms is to generate wealth, create work and raise the standard of living in the countries in which they operate. However, critics of globalization suggest that multi-national companies often exploit physical resources and take advantage of labor in countries where legal requirements may be less stringent than in their own countries. This paper critically discusses this statement providing arguments for and against the globalization of trade, taking India and China as major examples. Overview of economic growth in India and China It is often said that global wealth is currently shifting from the less heavily populated American and European regions to the more heavily populated Asian region because of globalization. The above argument seems to be correct when one would consider the economic statuses of India and China before the introduction of globalization. The standard of living and per capita income of Indians and Chinese people have increased a lot in the past few decades. Moreover, unemployment problems in these countries were come down a lot in the recent past. It should be noted that international

Management Compensation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management Compensation - Research Paper Example Compensation is an essential component of human resource management, which aids in motivation of employees, besides enhancing organizational effectiveness. Types of Management Compensation Management compensation encompasses both intrinsic and extrinsic components in the form of monetary benefits and non-monetary benefits such as paid holiday. Compensation incorporates salary, as well as other rewards and allowances given to employees in return for their outstanding services. Compensation can be depicted as representing base pay, long-term incentives, bonuses, stock options, and benefits (Davis and Edge 2). The goal based incentive (stock options, bonuses, and long-term incentives) is fashioned at aligning the corporation’s interests (financial success) with those of top managers. Description Management compensation is an effective means of enhancing the productivity of the employees and ensuring that deserving employees feel appreciated for their efforts. Some companies utili ze management compensation as a tool for fostering a performance-oriented culture where the employees focus on the company’s overall strategic goals. Management compensation is meant to motivate the employees, especially the top management within a company. The motivation of management compensation is to align the employee performance with the business goals, besides enhancing employee satisfaction and retention. ... Management compensation also enhances self-confidence, leading to self actualization. Management Compensation: An Incentive to Manipulate Accounting Reports Managers commit fraud because of the resultant economic benefits flowing from it. Given management’s self interest, executives may manipulate accounting earnings in pursuit of personal agenda, such as bonuses (Armstrong, Jagolinzer & Larcker 225). Income smoothing tends to be dominant in corporations applying internal performance standards compared to those using external standards. The downside of goal based incentives is that, besides encouraging managers to work smarter to deliver positive results (desired results), they also induce executives to manipulate financial results such as profit and share prices. This is an attempt to enhance their pay, which is itself a violation of executive’s fiduciary duty and a fraud (Laux and Laux 870). In most cases, companies design equity-based compensation contracts in order to provide executives with incentives meant to enhance stock prices via legitimate means. However, the contracts may also generate enhanced incentives to produce fraudulent financial statements or engage in actions geared at misleading analysts and investors on the stock value of the company. The incentives to engage in fraudulent activities may be serious in occasions where the executives believe that competition or other constrains limit their ability to enhance the value of the firm legitimately, and consequently reduce the incentives. Some studies show a likelihood of fraud in relation to incentives from unrestricted stock holdings compared to incentives from restricted stock. Managers at fraud firms tend to exercise larger portions of their vested options and are

Factors Influencing MNCs Investment Choice in India

Factors Influencing MNCs Investment Choice in India The Asian economies have been the main focus of global investors for last few years because of their growth nature and the way they facilitate the establishments of new businesses. Within these economies, India, China, Thailand, Malaysia, Japan and many other countries are included the essence of these countries is that they promote overall development in terms of more and more investments from domestic as well as foreign investors for the improvement in their gross domestic product and standard of living. All of these countries have their own core strengths to attract investors, for China it is their abundant cheap labour resource, for India it is the quality of available talent that has created a mark in the global space in the software, services industries. India possesses one of the greatest potential the Democratic government that formulates various policies to benefit the common people of the country. To improve the livelihood, provide better facilities for the citizens the GOI is always committed to invest more and more. Therefore all these factors have actually made India a place full of opportunities not only in the services sector but also in the manufacturing domain. As more private and government funded institutes are coming up with better facilities for learning and development in the both professional and personal fields, students are getting the feel of the corporate world and the criticalities involved therein. Indian economy has been the major centre of attraction for all of the developed nations. More and more MNCs are looking forward to build a long term comprehensive and sustainable relationship with Indian companies to enter the lucrative Indian market. FDI has been one of the major sources of investments in the sunrise industries as well as core industries that need a revamp in terms of innovative practices and management policies. The proportion of FDI and economic growth are positively correlated and combination of both is actually driving the overall GDP of the country. India is poised to be one of the biggest economies, thus it needs more and more collaboration with global organizations that would lead towards more employment that can actually move up the consumption pattern of the citizens to sustain growth trajectory even in time of economic recession. Whether India possesses any geographical locational advantages or not, or whether MNCs believe that owning the establishments in any foreign location would help them grab the market more quickly these are few issues which would be analyzed in detail. This thesis report outlines the factors pertaining to India, those attract foreign companies to invest in India through direct and indirect path and how it has been the core strength of the country to grow depending on the investments made by both domestic as well International business houses. Finding out those elements whose impact has been significant in the Indian growth story would be of utmost importance from the purview of this study. Concepts from various models have been undertaken to understand the underlying theory and analyze from the point of view of an investor as well as the foreign location of investment. B. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The coverage of the study includes finding out the opportunities and potential hindrances for investment in various sectors in India. Now a days India is being compared with China, Russia in terms of their economic growth and also market strength to sustain any kind of global economic disaster and also to keep moving the wheel of growth. We would analyze the critical scenarios of already present in the economy based on few models and understand the potential of future investments and try to match whether there are any opportunities for even smaller Indian players to become a part of the growth story. We would keep a track of the sectors which are very small now but showing a good promise for investors and how the GOI should take care of the rules and regulations so as to make the entry path very easy. Exports have been Indias major strength and its actually shortening the gap between import and export. That is a very good sign of improvement of overall market sentiments. OBJECTIVES/ PURPOSE OF THE STUDY- To find out the factors which drive various sectors of the Indian economy and analyze the outcomes of investments already made. The project would specifically concentrate on the potential of the country in attracting investors from different geographies. We would use the Dunnings OLI model, Uppsala model, Transaction cost theory etc and many more to find out what drives the foreign MNCs to look for Indian markets. Which are the major domestic player as well as International players those are operating in India presently and which are the pockets or zones that are giving them a major boost in their business growth? Also we would understand the market operating challenges faced by them and what are the measures that they implement to overcome those. D. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY- We would go through the movements of export goods and how the final products or services have changed its form considering the two different eras pre and post economic liberalization. We would design a questionnaire and administer it among a particular target group to find out their psychology or their opinion about the suitable direction for the investment portfolio of various organizations and according to them where the growth potential lies and where the country is lacking as compared to other economies. We would implement the concept from different models and find out what are the elements which are the main catalyst behind Indias growth saga. RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESIS E1. RESEARCH QUESTIONS:- The research would incorporate these questions during the research and try to analyze from various point of views. Q1. What are the ownership advantages that a MNC can possess? Q2. Whether is it better to own or outsource the operations for a particular foreign location? Q3. What elements form the locational advantages for a foreign country for any investor? Q4. Does Internalization really give an edge over other methods of investments? Q5. Is Internalization a step by step process or it can be achieved directly? Q6. What is the implication of culture/geographical proximity for the case of foreign investments? So these are the broad areas which would be discussed in this thesis report to understand the driving factors for foreign investments. HYPOTHESIS:- The kind of growth potential the Indian market is promising is full of hopes even for the younger generation because it would provide job opportunities in a huge volume. There has been birth of a bread of young entrepreneurs who want to make their mark by doing something for their own as well as benefit the overall economy. So the transaction cost theory would be used to analyze the initial set up costs, various commission based charges that any business need to incur. The basic hypothesis would be build upon the fact to find out the several factors those influence foreign investors to choose India as one of their major investment destination. Transaction Cost Theory shows us that any MNC would like to optimize its transaction cost of initiating any business process in any new geography. Uppsala model shows the direction towards an efficient process followed by MNCs while making the investment decision in a foreign location. H1. Do OLI advantages make a country favourable for investments? H2. Step by step internalization process makes MNCs more efficient as compared to the direct internalization process H3. Transaction costs are basically sunk costs for a MNC H4. Gaining experience of domestic markets facilitates the decision making process for investment in foreign location H5.Geographical and Cultural factors significantly impact the investment decision LITERATURE REVIEW Indias major advantages are its availability of good quality talents hugely required for the software and services industry, cheap labour wages facilitating operational issues at a very lower cost as compared to other developing nations. Its strategic location and the kind of international border it shares with its neighbouring nations give it an edge over other Asian economies in terms of accessibility of raw materials and markets to export produced goods. The GOI has taken several measures to make investments in India simpler by means of promoting SEZs, STPs with lower tax regime. The kind of growth potential it promises is immense in terms of volume of business as well as value. Being the largest democracy in the world, the laws would actually become more and more citizen friendly and thus leading towards sustainable business environment. Transaction cost theory states that when the internal transaction costs are higher than external costs then the company would outsource some of its jobs to other agencies and downsize. And when the reverse is true the organization would grow. Both the situations are understandable from the figure given below. (SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_costs) The literature review would focus on the following points OLI ADVANTAGES The ownership, locational and Internationalization are the major factors that drive the investment decision for any MNC. India in a way possesses one of the most important resources the pool of available talent. Geographically also India has an advantage over Russia and many other countries the climatic conditions are also is suitable for any kind of businesses. Many foreign MNCs are entering the Indian market by means of joint venture and many are initiating in the SEZs to get tax benefits. TRANSACTION COSTS: HOW TO GET THE MAXIMUM OUT OF IT Transaction costs are generally the cost of participating in a market; this may vary from market to market as well as category to category of products or services. The bargaining cost is the most important one because it decides the capabilities of the investors, like how well can they manage their channel partners? UPPSALA MODEL This model determines the step by step procedures those are followed by MNCs in order to get the feel of the market. Any organization would not mind to have few orders from foreign clients to find out their own prospect in that market and if they feel that they have the required potential, it may lead to full fledged investments in terms of machinery, labors etc. DATA COLLECTION METHOD H1. PRIMARY The primary data would be collected by means of administering the research questionnaire among a specific target group. The target group may be People from various background working in several industries with market knowledge for more than 3 years H2. SECONDARY The sources of secondary information would mainly be journals, magazines. PROPOSED ANALYSIS OF DATA The data output from the questionnaire would be analyzed using statistical tools and applying the present market conditions. We would find out the factors those drive the export growth and what the GI needs to perform to attract more investment both from domestic as well as International players. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY- The upshot of the study would provide us with an understanding about the factors those drive the investment decision for any MNC considering the Indian market. Various models would help us to analyze the pros and cons of the market conditions and find out the flexibility, accessibility of the market. More and more foreign MNCs are trying to grab the growing Indian market, because within the next 15-20 years India is poised to become one of the global super powers. And that means it would need overall support from various spheres of the geography manufacturing, agriculture, services etc. So it is better for the MNCs to start finding out their core competencies specifically for India and look for suitable options for investments. So from investment choice point of view this report would give us insights that might help any MNC planning to enter the Indian market LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY- This report would entail few models that can define the potential of the market; it would clearly distinguish between various factors which influence the investment decision. So it would not be possible to consider the strength and weaknesses of every company to find out their core competencies before investing; it would not encompass the criticalities involved for all the industries in India. But overall it would generate sufficient idea that would guide any investor while choosing the lucrative Indian market.

Essay --

Brady Fletcher Mrs. Stone Advanced English III 12. Dec. 2013 Robert E. Lee America has had many people that have made a positive difference to this nation by showing perseverance and putting others first for the greater good for the cause. People from low levels of society and from high levels of society have contributed to change this to become great. Robert E. Lee and his family did not enjoy fantastic wealth (â€Å"American Experience†). Robert E. Lee had an impact on this nation from the military standpoint. He had many difficult choices and decisions to make, like to stay with Virginia or to lead the Union Army. Lee served his country with everything he had. He fought on the battlefield, and commanded troops to victories and defeats. Lee never complained about the situation he was in or gave up when the going got tough. How did Robert E. Lee’s successful military career affect his life and how is he considered a prominent figure in American history? Lee didn’t grow up in a real wealthy family although his family held a position in Virginia’s ruling elite. His father Henry Lee, also known as â€Å"Light-Horse Harry,† was a cavalry leader during the Revolutionary war. Like his father, Robert E. Lee also took the military route when he enrolled in the Military Academy at West Point where he rapidly grew in ranks and graduated second in his class of 1829 (â€Å"American Experience†). After graduating from West Point Lee took the job as an officer in the corps of Engineers, where he supervised and inspected the nation’s coastal defenses. Lee did this for 17 years without having any experience on the field of war. All of this would change very soon for Lee when he would finally set foot on the battle field in Mexico in 1846. Lee r... ...uch to defeat. Lee has had many ups and downs during military career. Because of this, people look to Robert E. Lee as a very good man. He showed loyalty, dedication, and relentless pursue for victory. He truly is a person that you can model your life after and learn some valuable life lessons from him. His courageous and brave lifestyle should be recognized as a prominent figure in United States history. Lee taught people what it meant to be a true American dedicated to make this nation be as good as it can be. He also faced many tough decisions in war whether it was to attack, retreat, or to surrender. Although people make tough decision every day of their life, they don’t compare to the decisions that Lee had to make. Lee’s decisions lead to the death of soldiers in a winning or losing effort. Also his decisions made an impact on the United States. Essay -- Brady Fletcher Mrs. Stone Advanced English III 12. Dec. 2013 Robert E. Lee America has had many people that have made a positive difference to this nation by showing perseverance and putting others first for the greater good for the cause. People from low levels of society and from high levels of society have contributed to change this to become great. Robert E. Lee and his family did not enjoy fantastic wealth (â€Å"American Experience†). Robert E. Lee had an impact on this nation from the military standpoint. He had many difficult choices and decisions to make, like to stay with Virginia or to lead the Union Army. Lee served his country with everything he had. He fought on the battlefield, and commanded troops to victories and defeats. Lee never complained about the situation he was in or gave up when the going got tough. How did Robert E. Lee’s successful military career affect his life and how is he considered a prominent figure in American history? Lee didn’t grow up in a real wealthy family although his family held a position in Virginia’s ruling elite. His father Henry Lee, also known as â€Å"Light-Horse Harry,† was a cavalry leader during the Revolutionary war. Like his father, Robert E. Lee also took the military route when he enrolled in the Military Academy at West Point where he rapidly grew in ranks and graduated second in his class of 1829 (â€Å"American Experience†). After graduating from West Point Lee took the job as an officer in the corps of Engineers, where he supervised and inspected the nation’s coastal defenses. Lee did this for 17 years without having any experience on the field of war. All of this would change very soon for Lee when he would finally set foot on the battle field in Mexico in 1846. Lee r... ...uch to defeat. Lee has had many ups and downs during military career. Because of this, people look to Robert E. Lee as a very good man. He showed loyalty, dedication, and relentless pursue for victory. He truly is a person that you can model your life after and learn some valuable life lessons from him. His courageous and brave lifestyle should be recognized as a prominent figure in United States history. Lee taught people what it meant to be a true American dedicated to make this nation be as good as it can be. He also faced many tough decisions in war whether it was to attack, retreat, or to surrender. Although people make tough decision every day of their life, they don’t compare to the decisions that Lee had to make. Lee’s decisions lead to the death of soldiers in a winning or losing effort. Also his decisions made an impact on the United States.

Victims Movement

Victimology in its most simple form is the study of the victim or victims of a particular offender (Roberson. & Wallace, 2011). I feel that the Victims’ Movement has not yet reached its full potential because just like every form of law, legislature or even government there is always ways to improve and to become stronger. Much like when we started to form our government it had so many flaws and it still today has the ability to improve. The problem is that as society changes and crime changes the laws and the system have to change with it in order for things to improve. When it comes to crimes it isn’t just the victim that is affected, everyone involved is affected including the offender and the society. Starting in the 1960’s victims of crime began to volunteer with many different programs to assist other victims, speaking on their behalf and trying to fight for rights and fighting for a voice. Because of these actions we now have programs like Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) which is an agency that provides funds for law enforcement to establish victim-witness programs (Roberson, Wallace, 2011). The downfall in creating programs like this is the funding, having the money to pay for them. That was exactly the problem in in the 70’s and 80’s, not enough funding to keep them going. This is a problem for a lot of law enforcement and criminal programs. Not to be discouraged the movement just started to move into specialized groups such as National Coalition Against Sexual Assault, and POMC; Parents of Murdered Children. Another one that we hear about a great deal still today is MADD which is Mothers Against Drunk Drivers founded in 1980 by Candy Lightner whose daughter was killed by a drunk driver (Roberson,Wallace,2011). Having these programs can be so helpful to so many people that it is important to have the money to fund them; this can be a problem for those who need it. So what is there for us to do to ensure that they remain available? Are there ways to continue to be effective? I feel that there are ways to ensure that the Victims Movement reaches its absolute full potential and to ensure that nobody goes unnoticed that may need such programs. I feel that it is important to have contingency plans and goals to achieve success. First continue to get the word out, be the voice for the people who may not have their own anymore. With the MADD organization there goal is to â€Å"To aid the victims of crimes performed by individuals driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, to aid the families of such victims and to increase public awareness of the problem of drinking and drugged driving (MADD. org). † With this organization they have saved nearly 300,000 lives by doing the work they do; by having MADD in all 50 states, 1,200 victims’ advocates in 48 states and 20 volunteer hotlines that help people 24/7 ( MADD. rg). These programs don’t always get money from the government, they often have to raise money, and they are often non-profit organizations, but without them victims may have no other resources. Plan for the future. Having goals to help people, to help the victims and even the families of crimes like drunk driving or sexual assault needs follow through. They need someone to sa y â€Å"OK let’s get together and make a plan, let’s get as many drunk drivers off the road as we can†. It takes a leader to get groups going, to make a difference in so many people’s lives, and it shouldn’t take a tragedy to get people to do something about it. Get as much support as you can. Being a victim doesn’t just happen, these organizations don’t just happen and the Victims Movement can’t thrive on its own. These things need support; they need support from communities, the need support from society and they need support from the government. There are times when we need laws, laws to prevent people from being able to commit the same crime unpunished and able to hurt other people. Law enforcement agencies should be involved as much as possible too within their own communities, providing assistance programs and advocates to support victims or all involved that have their lives forever changed. These are things that can help make the changes we need, the changes we need to continue righting the wrongs and to forever make a difference in the lives of so many people.

European And International Dimensions Of Education Education Essay

Globalization as defined by Giddens is the intensification of world-wide societal dealingss which link distant vicinities in such a manner that local occurrences are shaped by events happening many stat mis off and frailty versa ‘ . It is a procedure of turning to a planetary and world-wide in political, economic, societal and educational sectors. Cantu ( 2003 ) defines instruction ‘as geting accomplishments ‘ . Education is besides about geting cognition, developing consciousness and critical thought. Cogburn ( no day of the month ) has described instruction as ‘generally seen as a formal procedure of direction, based on a theory of instruction, to leave formal cognition ( to one or more pupils ) ‘ . In this essay, I will discourse the effects of globalisation on instruction, peculiarly on formal instruction. In my sentiment, globalisation has brought more positive impacts on instruction and educational system as a whole such as on course of study cours e of study, the schools ‘ and universities ‘ ambiance every bit good as the instruction and larning procedure instead than the negative. There are different classs of globalization as mentioned by Bottery ( 2006 ) ; ‘political globalization, economic globalization, cultural globalization, environmental globalization and demographic globalization ‘ . Each class shows different impacts on the universe and current issues every bit good as instruction. Political globalization shows the spread of political thoughts and that political relations can non be separated from the development of educational sector. As mentioned by Emler and Frazer ( 1999 ) , there is ‘political instruction ‘ which refers to the function of schools and other educational establishments in bring forthing political histrions ; citizens, topics, governors. In order to make this, there need to be some political content in classs and course of study ( Emler and Frazer, 1999 ) . I agree with Emler and Frazer because pupils need to hold exposure to what is go oning in the universe of political relations to fix themselves for the her eafter. For illustration, for future calling, pupils who are interested in arguments and giving talk can be farther trained in higher establishments to be politicians and attorneies. Politicss constitute state, authorities and society. The consequence on instruction is that pupils are cognizant about local and abroad ‘ premier curate and the issues sing this country to be a responsible citizen. Globalisation makes it possible for the information to make everyone in the universe through mass media. In Malaysia, pupils are forbidden from taking portion in political dockets, they are qualified to vote during election at the age of 21. However, most pupils get downing from the secondary schools are familiar with the local political relations, the authorities and resistance, through assorted subjects in their course of study course of study, telecasting intelligence and newspapers. The challenge is that when some pupils may take political relations to the extreme by socking others who have different political positions. Another positive impact of globalization is that instruction adoption can be done within states. ‘Policy borrowing ‘ as defined by Raffe ( 2011 ) is in which ‘best pattern from abroad is identified and transferred back place ‘ . A state can borrow other states ‘ thoughts about instruction and implement them in their educational system. Normally, the 1 that is borrowed from is a successful state such as Finland and the borrower is the underdeveloped state. Sahlberg ( 2009:324 ) has described ‘the accomplishment that Finland has made over clip get downing with the steady growing in engagement in all degrees of Finnish instruction since 1970 to in 1980s, there has been a rapid growing in the upper secondary instruction sector and in 1990s up to now, within third and big instruction sectors ‘ . As Finland is ranked really high for their successful instruction, United Kingdom as a developed state has besides showed involvement in Finnish instructi on. This is similar to sharing thoughts about what is best for their educational system and seek to use to see if it works. Whereas ‘policy larning ‘ as cited by Raffe ( 2011 ) , ‘uses experiences from ‘policy borrowing ‘ for assorted intents, including understanding one ‘s ain system better, placing common tendencies and force per unit areas impacting all systems, clear uping other policy schemes and placing issues raised by each scheme ‘ . By analysing others ‘ instruction system, a state can place the strength and failing of its ain system. Subsequently on governments can make up one's mind whether to go on utilizing the thoughts for few old ages more or to modify to accommodate it with their system. In early yearss, it was a disadvantage for adult females because societies merely allowed work forces to acquire instruction while the misss were denied their rights to travel to school and alternatively were asked to make house jobs. However, as globalisation takes topographic point, issues about equality in instruction for both work forces and adult females are brought up. The universe societies are altering ; adult females ‘ rights to have instruction similar to work forces are being acknowledged. The result is that adult females gain chances to travel to school and pursue higher instruction. As reported this twelvemonth by Catcheside ( 2012 ) , ‘women pupils outnumber work forces by three to two in many universities, and in some establishments where there are big instructions or nursing classs by every bit many as two to one ‘ . I do agree and it is non surprising that the figure of adult females at both schools and universities are higher than the male pupils a nd their accomplishments are more impressive than the males. Catcheside ( 2012 ) has besides approved this in a study ; ‘girls now outstrip male childs in the proportion of top classs achieved in all but a smattering of topics at cardinal phase three. Not merely are they much more likely to acquire good classs than male childs, they are more likely to take cardinal phase 3 makings in the first topographic point ‘ . On another positive note, both male and female pupils are likely to be treated every bit at schools and universities which cut down gender favoritism in educational system. Macionis and Plummer ( 2005:524 ) have criticized that ‘although the instruction gender spread has narrowed in Western states in recent decennaries, many adult females still study traditionally feminine topics such as literature, while work forces prosecute mathematics and technology ‘ . I agree towards certain extent such as adult females are prosecuting nursing and other feminine occupations whereas work forces are likely to travel into military footing, but nowadays they are given more freedom to take what they want to make. There are female pupils who choose technology over literature and secretary ‘s classs and frailty versa. Globalization has besides opened up competition between adult females and work forces in more countries including instruction and employment. It is an optimistic altera tion as parents are more open-minded by schooling their misss and for hapless households ; their educated girls can alter their economic system position by acquiring occupations with their makings. As agreed by Dr. Farooq Wardak ( in Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Ministry of Education, 2010:4 ) , ‘there are strong links between an person ‘s educational degree and his/her economic accomplishments ‘ . The impact of globalization on instruction can besides be seen in the increasing figure of schools being built. Ming ( 2009 ) has reported that in Malaysia ‘the figure of national primary schools have increased from 4844 in 1990 to 5761 in 2005, an addition of 19 % ‘ . Although there are negative effects on environment, development is important to get by with the big figure of pupils that increases each twelvemonth. Ming ( 2009 ) adds, ‘the addition in the figure of national primary schools because of the big addition in the figure of pupils enrolled in them ‘ . Globalisation leads to an addition in population due to the raising rate of migration and birth. Many schools are renovated and equipped with modern installations such as computing machine, cyberspace beginning, research lab setup and projector to guarantee the survey environment is convenient for pupils. Today, globalization has besides supported duplicating programmes between universities to go on, s uch as the B.Ed TESL programme between Malaysian teacher preparation universities and universities in the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia. This programme has given pupils a immense chance to accommodate themselves in English speech production states and better better their proficiency in English. There is besides pupils exchange programme which sends pupils off to other states which can supply better exposure of peculiar Fieldss. For illustration, some technology pupils in Malaysia are sent for a 6-month class in Korea and frailty versa and secondary pupils in Nipponese school are sent to Malaysia for 3 hebdomads to larn about Malaysia. Chin ( 2009 ) has agreed to this sentiment by admiting that ‘higher establishments have become more self-consciously planetary, particularly universities of the advanced states by seeking pupils from different parts of the universe, directing their ain pupils abroad in educational exchange programmes to fix them for planetary callings , offering survey classs which address the challenges of an interrelated universe and collaborative research to progress scientific discipline ‘ . However, there are establishments that found the thought of giving pupils a planetary experience while larning locally rather magnetizing. Choudaha ( 2012 ) has come up with a term ‘glocal ‘ which means ‘global aspirations with local experiences and the accent is on pupils who are willing to pay for a planetary educational pattern while remaining in their place state or part ‘ . Asiatic states such as China, Malaysia and India have been offering ‘glocal ‘ instruction to their local pupils. Meanwhile, states such as the UK and Australia have been innovators in offering multinational instruction and their work force such as instructors and professors are in demand to function glocals ( Choudaha, 2012 ) . In my sentiment, this new section is similar to holding foreign subdivision campuses in local states such as University of Nottingham in Malaysia, China and United Kingdom which are called University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, University of Notti ngham, Ninbo, China and University of Nottingham United Kingdom severally ( Chin, 2009 ) . Apart from that, Monash University has campuses in Australia, Malaysia, China, India, South Africa and Italy ( Chin, 2009 ) which allow local pupils to see what Monash has to offer. They can take portion in assorted classs from scientific discipline watercourse to concern, jurisprudence and humanistic disciplines through planetary and international ambiance. As mentioned by Whitehead ( 2012 ) , ‘historically Malaysia has sent its pupils abroad for their instruction, now it is fixing to change by reversal that place, it wants to go the hub of its part pulling 1000s pupils from across south-east Asia to its universities in immense Numberss by pulling foreign universities to put up abroad campuses ‘ . As per economic system, Ming ( 2009 ) has mentioned that the ‘continuous growing in economic relationships among states, a planetary displacement towards free-market kineticss, and increasing consumerism are some factors impacting establishments of higher instruction i.e. universities ‘ . Hence, because of globalisation there will be more coaction between local and foreign universities, lectors and pupils. Head of the section of economic sciences at the University of Warwick, Abhinay Muthoo ( 2012 ) has commented on the UK ‘s higher instruction system as concern by stating ‘we export instruction, purchased by clients and designed by intellectuals from all corners of the Earth ‘ . For illustration, India is presently pulling pupils from the USA, China, Canada, Germany, Malaysia and Australia to analyze at that place ( Wilson, 2012 ) . Furthermore, states are taking the enterprise to enroll instructors and pedagogues from other states such as Malaysia and Korea are conveying in English instructors from the United States to learn English at their local schools. The consequence is that, English speech production pedagogues could assist supplying a more meaningful lesson to the local pupils. The challenge is foreign pedagogues will hold to larn the local civilizations to suit them in the society and non look impolite or uncomfortable. The alteration in the economic-environment will non merely impact the educational environment and system but besides touristry. Foreigners who come to work may desire to convey their households to the state they are working in and may publicize topographic points of attractive forces in the states to their local friends. Globalisation creates planetary links between states in the universe which enable a smooth flow international trade and planetary market such as touristry, the import and export. Blessinger and Kovbasyuk ( 2012 ) have stated that ‘global acquisition is the cultivation of multiple, diverse, and planetary positions. It allows one to develop the intercultural competences necessary to go a planetary citizen who can understand issues from multiple positions and derive a deeper grasp of and tolerance for diverseness of all types ( cultural, lingual, spiritual, political, for illustration ) ‘ . In footings of societal and cultural, planetary citizens are exposed to the differences of assorted civilizations in the universe and larn about esteeming each other ‘s civilization. Globalisation reduces cultural barriers and enables multicultural democracy among pupils. As kids are populating in a multicultural community, they begin to accept others and are comfy to analyze in a multiracial school. Racism can be avoided specifically among Black, White, Asiatic, non-Asian, Muslim and other faiths if their moral and spiritual instructions are good taught by pedagogues. They can besides larn from their milieus and develop the sense of sensitiveness from their societal interactions at school and outside. As supported by Blessinger and Kovbasyuk ( 2012 ) , ‘within practical planetary communities, pupils and pedagogues can larn to go more socially minded and ethically responsible planetary citizens who, in bend, can assist better relationships in the broader universe community ‘ . Furthermore, through socializing with international pupils can be a manner for non-English pupils to better their proficiency in English. They can pattern utilizing the linguistic communication that they have learned in the schoolroom in a more reliable surrounding. Mohini Mohamed ( 2008:92 ) has stated that ‘students need entree to multicultural environment, appropriate usage of first linguistic communication and utilize effectual English method of content direction every bit good as chance to demo their competency in a assortment of ways †˜ . In other words, globalization has proved that collaborative acquisition between pupils of different cultural background can be a success. The obvious advantage pointed out by Blessinger and Kovbasyuk ( 2012 ) is that ‘working on shared undertakings can enrich pupils ‘ experiences and open them to more critical ways of thought and more originative signifiers of problem-solving ‘ . The jobs that are caused by globalization, socially, when pupils are exposed to other civilizations different from theirs, they can be influenced to blindly follow the civilizations and beliefs even though those are non suited with their milieus. From my observation, some pupils are into Punk and Skinhead based on what they have seen on telecasting programmes and to pattern those in traditional-bound surrounding is non appropriate. Modernization, urbanization, Westernization besides affect pupils ‘ behaviour at school because at some topographic points like Holland weeds, drugs can be bought from street stores. It may do societal job if pupils decide to hold them during school period. Following is in term of interaction, in Korea, non utilizing honorific when mentioning or naming person older than you is non acceptable and considered rude. However, in England and America, to name an aged by name is normal and friendly. Hence, if pupils do non see what is acceptable in the socie ty they are populating in before following other civilizations, it may impact their relationship with others such as instructors. Issues such as homosexualism and tribade are non taboo in some states. For case in France, their openness to homosexualism can be seen in their instruction system. The governments have published text editions incorporating subjects about homosexuals and tribades households which are called as modern households ( Abry et al. , 2008 ) . It means their pupils and adolescents are exposed to this type of lifestyle but in Muslim states like Arab and Malaysia and other states, governments are strongly opposing this affair. Hence, the negative impact is if pupils are influenced by inappropriate civilizations as seen by their society. Another positive impact of globalization on instruction is the debut of engineering, on-line instruction or e-learning at school. E-Learning consulting ( no day of the month ) defines e-learning as the usage of engineering to enable people to larn anytime and anyplace. This fits in the planetary universe because modernisation and urbanisation come together and pupils are comfy with utilizing technological devices and cyberspace. Blessinger and Kovbasyuk ( 2012 ) have agreed that ‘today ‘s pupils hence tend to be more digitally savvy, nomadic and ephemeral, socially connected, and more democratic in their worldview ‘ . Hence, this instruction and larning method of utilizing technological devices will work with our digital coevals. They can hold contact with other overseas ‘ pupils through societal webs to portion about each other civilizations and point of views. One method is ocular acquisition that is done online such as Skype and pupils can hold a treatment yarn in their universities ‘ electronic mail and on Facebook group which can be accomplished outside of a normal schoolroom. In my sentiment, any treatment yarn method is effectual to larning because it is easier for pupils as they can notice on one subject and discuss with other pupils. Unfortunately, online acquisition could be hard to be applied in rural country where cyberspace connexion is barely accessible. However, to accomplish a planetary instruction criterion, many states are taking more earnestly about supplying these technological and modern installations to all schools. For illustration, Wilson ( 2012 ) indicates that ‘virtual acquisition in India can be done because computing machine was rather inexpensive at that place ‘ . In close hereafter, it is non surprising if all schools are equipped with computing machines every bit good as those in rural countries. However, the innovation of tape recording, picture recording, audio recording, PowerPoint pres entation and Interactive Whiteboard ( IWB ) are really utile for pedagogues and pupils in surveies and presentations. The job that will happen is pupils ‘ abuse of the engineering and cyberspace with texting in schoolroom, picture games, online chatting and phonography. Teachers need to supervise the pupils but the pupils besides need to larn to command themselves. In term of course of study, Information and Communication Technology ( ICT ) has now become one of the of import topics at most schools because of globalization. Students are taught basic cognition about computing machine and cyberspace and they are larning utilizing them. For illustration, in Malaysia, pupils besides learn about the connexion between Science and Technology through a topic called English Science and Technology. Knowledge on scientific discipline, mathematics and engineering is besides indispensable to travel frontward with modernization. By utilizing cyberspace, it is possible to demo reliable illustrations of innovations that have been created and groundss of many scientific researches to pupils. The sweetening in Vocational Education and Training ( VET ) is another benefit of globalisation. Advanced preparation offers enable pupils to travel abroad for developing in specialist states. It can either be a really short intensive class or a 2 to 3 old ages programme. H armonizing to Draft National Education Strategic Plan for Afghanistan ( in Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Ministry of Education, 2010:11 ) , the purpose of proficient and vocational instruction and preparation is to ‘to supply relevant and choice proficient and vocational instruction for both males and females in order to enable them to run into the demands of the labour market in Afghanistan and the part, and to lend to the just and balanced development of the state ‘ . Similarly to other states, VET provides chances for pupils who are interested in this field to widen their cognition and to fix them for future calling. Cogburn ( no day of the month ) has stated that ‘the function of cognition within the economic system is taking to a whole scope of new industries and new developments in biotechnology, new stuffs scientific discipline, information sciences, computing machine scientific discipline, et cetera ‘ . Courses such as media, telecommunication and science-related topics are in demand since the universe will necessitate more experts in these Fieldss in the hereafter. Globalisation gives impact on instructors and pedagogues economically through the sum of rewards they receive. The sum additions compared to the epoch before globalization started. Harmonizing to NY Times ( 2011:2 ) , ‘the norm get downing salary for a Finnish instructor was $ 29,000 in 2008 ‘ . Traveling on, globalisation besides effects the employment of fresh alumnuss and pupils that have completed high schools in this epoch. Cantu ( 2003 ) has mentioned that ‘the lowest rewards for this decennary were for persons with some high school and no grade. The highest rewards throughout the decennary were for persons who had attained a professional grade. The educational degrees whose average rewards were the closest were Professional and Doctorate grades ‘ . It shows how importance is instruction to last in this urbanisation and competitory universe and to suit kids to the on the job universe. Cantu ( 2003 ) has said that ‘the more notable statistic is the fact that the less instruction a individual receives, the more likely they will be unemployed. While more instruction does non vouch employment, the higher the instruction degree, the more competitory a individual will be in the occupation market ‘ . However, taking Malaysia as an illustration, globalization has changed Malayan course of study in footings of boring pupils to memorize to giving pupils more chance to be originative and believe more critically. Norsiah Fauzan ( no date:173 ) has commented by stating ‘our educational system and course of study alterations its accent from memory based larning to an instruction that stimulates believing, creativeness, lovingness, providing for single abilities and larning manners ‘ . Norsiah Fauzan ( no date:173 ) adds, ‘we are seeking for a meaningful, socially responsible, multicultural, holistic and technological course of study beside looking for a more planetary manner to better the quality of instruction concentrating on values, attitudes and behaviour in a society full of diverseness particularly in footings of race and civilization ‘ . From my experience, I recall when I was a primary and secondary school pupils, I spent most of my clip analyzing for tes ts by memorising notes and even theoretical account essays. The purpose was no other than to go through tests with good Markss even though I did non to the full understand the lesson or the aim of analyzing subjects such as algebra and square root in Mathematics. As globalization and internalization are germinating quickly, the governments have decided that pupils need to be trained to be all-rounded and that instruction should learn pupils to pattern their cognition. In order to vie in the planetary universe, competence and accomplishments are of import. Other than that, because of globalisation, English has become an of import linguistic communication to the universe. Macionis and Plummer ( 2005 ) have cited, ‘English is quickly emerging as the preferable 2nd linguistic communication of most of the universe ‘ . The consequence on instruction is that English is one of the nucleus topics in most schools and universities across the universe. Apart from prioritising one ‘s ain native linguistic communication, to hold a good English proficiency is indispensable as it is a lingua franca to link with other states in the universe. Mohini Mohamed ( 2008:90 ) says that ‘the ground for utilizing English can be seen as useful in nature because they hope by geting and get the hanging English among their pupils can better their chance in the occupation market ‘ . Books, articles, diaries and cyberspace beginnings are largely published in English and assignments and undertaking plants at higher establishments are in E nglish. Students at schools study English literature poesy from assorted renowned poets such as Shakespeare and Dickens and some pupils major in Literature at higher instruction. They do non entirely larn their ain literature but besides literature of other civilizations in different states. Students in the English speech production states learn other esteemed linguistic communication such as Spanish and Gallic. Students besides learn about humanistic disciplines originated from other states such as the celebrated Masaccio ‘s and Leonardo da Vinci ‘s plants. All these are cogent evidence for ‘cultural hybridization ‘ that occurs due to globalization and universalisation. It refers to the ways in which parts of a civilization ( linguistic communication, patterns, and symbols ) are recombined with the other civilizations which happens a batch nowadays ( Macionis and Plummer, 2005 ) . Education in globalised universe, although it transfers cultural values, it can besides do societal inequalities and societal divisions. Macionis and Plummer ( 2005:521 ) have explained that ‘education becomes a agency for the reproduction of society ‘s inequalities: it can move as a agency of societal control, reenforcing credence of the position quo and may run to reproduce the position hierarchy ‘ . The state of affairs is normally occurred in private or elect schools. Students analyzing in private and elect schools are usually from affluent and high position households while those in national schools have mix household backgrounds. Macionis and Plummer ( 2005:517 ) has shown an illustration in British elite schools ‘such elect schools non merely learn academic topics, they besides convey to kids from affluent households the typical forms of address, idiosyncrasies and societal graces of British upper category ‘ . Parents pay expensive school fees to register their kids in elect schools. Social division occurs because elect school pupils have fewer opportunities to blend with working category pupils in the community. Their societal circle is restricted to pupils of similar societal criterions and backgrounds. Hence, they may make their ain perceptual experiences of pupils outside their societal circle without cognizing them which can take to downgrading others. In decision, globalization is so has helped a batch in the development of the educational sector. Although different authorities has different docket to better their instruction system, we are all working to accomplish the planetary instruction criterions and to bring forth planetary citizens. Macionis and Plummer ( 2005 ) have commented that ‘societies around the universe now have more contact with one another ; bask more cooperation, than of all time before. These planetary connexions involve the flow of goods, information and people ‘ . In the hereafter, I hope there will be more positive impacts on instruction from globalization and that the negative impacts can be reduced from clip to clip.

Butterflies Are Free, a Full-Length Play

Butterflies Are Free, a Full-Length Play Don Baker and Jill Tanner have adjoining apartments in a lower income section of New York City in the late 1960s. Don is in his early 20s and Jill is 19 years old. The play opens with Don moving around his meticulously kept apartment while talking on the phone with his mother. Jill is watching TV loudly in her place. Since the walls are paper-thin, the two neighbors talk to each other in their separate dwellings before Jill finally invites herself over. She is a flighty, commitment-phobe, who has recently moved to New York to attempt a career as an actress. Some keys to her personality include her escape from her life in California, her constant search for food to munch on, and a six-day marriage when she was just 16 years old. (Read an online copy of the monologue in which Jill describes the circumstances of her startlingly short marriage.) Don has lived a sheltered life and his move to New York for two months is a deal he has struck with his mother to prove to himself and to her that he is self-sufficient and can live on his own. The reason he has never lived apart from his mother is that Don is blind. He is only beginning to discover who he is and what he might like to do with his life. The two neighbors quickly fall for each other. At the end of the first act, they have climbed into his bed and begun an affair. Jill is as fascinated with Don’s life as Don is with her. The two seem to balance each other out and make a good match. But before Don and Jill have had a chance to put their clothes back on, again in walks Don’s mother who just happened to be in the neighborhood after a shopping trip to Saks Fifth Avenue (30-some blocks away). She is less than pleased with what she has found. Mrs. Baker is understandably protective of her son and sees Jill as a ship passing in the night. She dislikes the girl and after Don leaves to get food from a deli, she explains to the 19-year-old what a life with Don entails. To the flighty and erratic young girl, the picture Mrs. Baker paints sounds more like a prison than a life. Jill decides to take Mrs. Baker’s advice and proceeds to fall into the arms of a director at her next audition. The play climaxes with Don and Jill fighting about the glaring personality flaws they see in one another and Don dealing with feeling doomed to move back in with his mother. Jill leaves him in a furious state and Don frantically moves around his apartment until he becomes disoriented, trips over his furniture and falls on the floor. Jill comes to investigate and regrets their fight. The play ends with a slight hope for their relationship. Production Details The production notes for Butterflies are Free are as specific and meticulous as the apartment of a man who is blind would need to be. The script, available from Samuel French, includes a detailed floor plan for the set as well as a four-page prop list. Lighting and costume needs are minimal, but the set pieces are described in detail by the characters within their dialogue and therefore need to be constructed accordingly. The two most important items are Don’s lofted bed over the door to his bathroom and a bathtub/dining table. Both are described in the dialogue and the production notes. Cast Size:  This play can accommodate 4 actors.Male Characters:  2Female Characters:  2 Roles Don Baker  is a young  blind man. He is in his 20s and excited to be living on his own for the first time in his life. He is appreciative of his protective mother but is ready to experience a less sheltered life. He quickly falls for his exciting and independent neighbor, but he is naà ¯ve in his expectations for their relationship. Jill Tanner  is young enough and pretty enough that she can afford to be reckless in her decisions and relationships. She is fascinated by and attracted to Don. There is real chemistry between them, but her flighty nature rebels against the idea that Don could tie her down to a life she is ill-equipped to lead. Mrs. Baker  is Don’s overbearing but well-meaning mother. She does not approve of him moving away from home to New York. It is as  big a step for her to let her son live independently as it is for Don to actually be living on his own. She is abrupt and controlling, but ultimately this is because she has her son’s best interests at heart. Ralph Austin  is the director of Jill’s new show. He is more than thrilled to have the amorous attentions of the pretty young girl. He is excited to meet Don after everything Jill has told him about Don’s life. Ralph is unaware of the effect his words and presence have on everyone in the apartment when he shows up late at night with Jill. Content Issues:  Sexual talk and relationships, limited clothing, language Music The song that Don writes that serves as the title of the show. â€Å"Butterflies are Free,† is under copyright by Sunbury Music, Inc. There is  a video that contains an excerpt of the song from the movie  and  Samuelfrench.com  offers the sheet music. Productions Butterflies Are Free  debuted in 1969 at the Booth Theater in New York City.Goldie Hawn and Edward Albert starred in the  1972 film production of Butterflies Are Free.Production Rights for Butterflies Are Free  are held by  Samuel French, Inc.You can read  portions of the script on Google books.

Dell Computers essays

Dell Computers essays Dell computers is still the leading computer provider in the world, it has been able to maintain its position since the 1980s as a result of its highly efficient computer building and manufacturing process, combined with excellent customer service. Dell has been able to systematically beat out competitors by providing an extremely streamlined supply chain process that far outstrips their competitors. Since the late 1990s, it has been able to process the majority of their sales through online portals, eliminating the need for massive store fronts. This strategy has worked well for them as they have expanded their overall user base and have been able to decrease their overall costs associated with output. Dell has been performing at a very high clip in the past year. Its overall earnings in the past year jumped by more than 25%. Its overall earnings have actually outpaced its rise in sales, which was 19% in the last year. They have emphasized products that are high margins by streamlining their overall delivery process and human resources costs. Its current strategy of pursuing high-margin products within key new geographic demographics is working well. In addition, Dell has been able to expand its international division and sales substantially are pushing products into specific markets outside of the United States. Despite these evident gains however, Dells overall stock price has dropped substantially over the past year. Since the end of 2006, stock prices have dropped as much as 16%. This decline in stock price is worrying for investors as they continue to look at the performance track record for Dell computers. The problem is that Dell has had a poor track record for meeting investor projections and analyst expectations. Unlike their direct competitor, Hewlett Packard, which has seen its stock price rise by as much as 27% since the beginning of this year, Dell consistently fail to meet growth metrics specif...

April Fools Day Quotes

April Fools Day Quotes William Shakespeare famously said, Better a witty fool than a foolish wit. On  April Fools Day, showcase your wit and humor with these quotes. If you are a prankster, play a harmless prank, and tease your friends. If you are not a prankster, beware of those who are. Mark Twain, Puddnhead Wilson April 1. This is the day upon which we are reminded of what we are on the other three hundred and sixty-four. Plato Even the gods love jokes. George Orwell The aim of a joke is not to degrade the human being, but to remind him that he is already degraded. Will Rogers The trouble with practical jokes is that very often they get elected. Myra Cohn Livingston The maple syrups full of ants.A mouse is creeping on the shelf.Is that a spider on your back?I ate the whole pie by myself.The kitchen sink just overflowed.A flash flood washed away the school.I threw your blanket in the trash.I never lie- I- April Fool! Charles Lamb Here cometh April again, and as far as I can see the world hath more fools in it than ever. Poor Robins Almanac, 1790 The first of April, some do sayIs set apart for All Fools Day;But why the people call it soNor I, nor they themselves, do know,But on this day are people sentOn purpose for pure merriment. Thomas Shadwell The haste of a fool is the slowest thing in the world. Arabian Proverb A fool may be known by six things: anger without cause; speech without profit; change without progress; inquiry without object; putting trust in a stranger; and mistaking foes for friends. Horace Mix a little foolishness with your prudence: Its good to be silly at the right moment.

Safeguards for Educational Records Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Safeguards for Educational Records - Essay Example If a student’s educational records appear incorrect, parents or eligible students have the right to review their educational records and request for changes to be made when appropriate. If the school disagrees to changing the student’s records, the parent or eligible student has a right to a formal hearing to discuss the matter. Divorced parents must provide custody information that is set forth from the court order. In cases where the parents are divorced, the courts may order for one of the parents to have full custody of the student. In this instance, the parent who has lost his or her custody may not have written permission to access the student’s educational records. In this situation, I will require the parent to provide documentation before the student’s educational records are released. Grandparents must provide a written statement that grants them permission to access the student’s records. Grandparents will be required to provide me with documentation for permission to access the student’s educational records. If the grandparents have custody of the student, I will require grandparents to provide a written statement that shows proof of custody. Foster Parents must provide the proper documentation for the student before the student’s information is released to them. The foster parents must prove that they have guardianship over the student. As a teacher, I will keep an updated copy of the current foster parent of the student to protect the student’s safety and educational records. Step-parents need permission from the student’s parent/legal guardian to discuss the student’s educational records with the step-parent. I will implement a system that requires the step-parent to provide proof of legal marriage to the student’s parent. As a safety measure, I will keep an updated copy of the step-parent authorization form to review the student’s records. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) help to enforce the privacy of the student’s educational records and alleviate unauthorized individuals from obtaining access to the student’s educational records.

Software Systems Choices - Amazon.com Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Software Systems Choices - Amazon.com - Essay Example In the beginning, amazon.com was just an online book store. However, as time went by, it grew to be more than that. Today, it has diversified its markets and now sells DVD’s; MP3 downloads, CDs, video games, software, electronics, food, furniture, apparel, and toys. In the countries where it operates in, it also offers shipping; internationally, for selected products it sells. This has really made it popular in so many quarters of its customer base. Bezos founded the online retailer back in 1995, motivated by what he has always referred to as ‘regret minimization framework’. This was his way of saying that he felt regret for not taking part in online business at a time when the internet was growing at an annual rate of 2300 percent. His idea of an online book store really picked up quickly because it had great potential to grow. There was no limit to its size because it depended on nothing but the internet and online servers. No physical stores or warehouse were r equired to store the books. When starting Amazon.com, Bezos wanted to build a phenomenon that was unique in style and in the way it was operating and in its name as well. He settled for the name ‘Amazon’ because it starts with ‘A’ and ends with ‘Z’ to signify that customers would find anything and everything they ever wanted in terms of books. In addition to this, the logo for the retailer forms some kind of a smile to show that customers can always get satisfied with the products and services the store provides. The name ‘Amazon’ was also used to signify the size of the company, or at least what he projected his startup would grow into; a very large company. He borrowed the name from the largest river in the world, the Amazon River that flows across borders, and is exotic and different from the other rivers. Amazon.com has a mission of changing how people buy books using the internet into an experience that is easy, fast, and most of all enjoyable to all its customers. Bezos incorporated his company in 1994 in Washington State. The store started its services in July of 1995; that is when it sold its first book. By the end of the year 1996, the online retailer had grown so tremendously to become one of the most successful and most formidable web retailers. By then, its revenues clocked $15.6 million. In the shortest time possible, Amazon grew to become the most successful online retailer for books in this wide world of ours. Presently, it no longer sells books alone. The bulk of its products have grown into 34 other categories. Anything you want online is available for sale via the web retailer. Every year since its launch, amazon has continued to expand its customer base. With the increasing number in customers and clients world-wide, revenues have rising as well. By the year 2000, revenue had climbed up from $15.6 million in the year 1996, to $2.76 billion at the turn of the year 2000. Over 29 million peopl e in 160 countries are buying items listed on Amazon.com. This makes it the leading retailer on the World Wide Web by a margin that other retailers cannot match. Amazon’s growth can be attributed to so many reasons, among them convenience in shopping. Over the years, Amazon has acquired about 11 other companies in its bid to expand into newer markets. This number is as of late 2011. Other processes that have led to

Textual Commentary on Black Souls in White Skins in I Write What I Literature review

Textual Commentary on Black Souls in White Skins in I Write What I Like by Steve Biko - Literature review Example Biko’s philosophical message corresponds with black theology as it was heavily themed with encouraging Blacks to depend on themselves rather than White liberals to successfully fight apartheid.3 In this regard, liberalism in the context of apartheid, South Africa refers to advocates for freedom from coercion, discrimination and oppression and equal access to political, social, educational, health and economic opportunities.4 Kee argues that Black Consciousness’s philosophy was founded on Black theology which proposes that God will not solve our problems.5 Biko’s Black Souls in White Skins embodies the concept of self-help as captured by the Black Consciousness Movement and black theology which is a Christian expression and rejection of oppression as experienced by Blacks.6 From Biko’s perspective, White liberalism could not capture this experience and in attempting to do so, White liberals perpetuated the notion that Whites were superior to Blacks and coul d speak for and on behalf of Blacks.7 Initially President of the South Africa Student Organization (SASO) the movement that organized the Black Consciousness Movement, Biko subsequently became SASO’s Publications’ chairman. The SASO organized programmes which involved training and studies in a number of subjects such as economics, theology, poetry, aesthetics, culture and politics. The programmes resulted in publications which included Biko’s column, I Write What I Like published under Frank Talk and appeared in SASO’s Newsletter in 1970.8 Black Souls in White Skins was Biko’s first article in his column I Write What I Like.9 Black Souls is a parody of French writer Frantz Fanon’s Black Skin White Masks. Where Fanon challenged the utility and authenticity of Blacks identifying with Whites, Biko challenged the utility and authenticity of Whites identifying with Blacks.10 As was characteristic of the Black Consciousness Movement, Biko’s Black Souls targeted the motives of the White liberals whom he called â€Å"people who say that they have black souls wrapped up in white skins.†11 Biko questioned the authenticity of their claim that they sympathized with the â€Å"black struggles† against apartheid.12 In challenging this claim, Biko immediately draws attention to fact that it is questionable whether or not White liberals can speak as an authority for Blacks and what bothers him even more is that Black people have enabled White liberals by actually believing them â€Å"for so long†.13 Biko’s Black Souls reads as a rejection of White liberal â€Å"patronage† in that Biko took exception to the idea that Whites could pass judgement on who qualified as worthy Blacks and what could be good for worthy Blacks. Biko observed that the White liberals lead a campaign that was entirely artificial in nature in that it merely forecasted a convenient type of integration that favoured White supr emacy under apartheid. According to Biko, the White liberals’ efforts were marked by artificial integration which White organizations dominated and ended up with â€Å"Whites doing all the talking and the blacks listening.†14 Biko’s Black Souls therefore adopts Black theological thinking in that he expresses the view that Blacks are also complicit in their oppression and that it is a sin to sit back and accept the situations on the premise that Blacks are innocent victims of apartheid. Black theology takes the position

Why Video Games Matter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why Video Games Matter - Essay Example He does this for several days, showing how addicted he is to video games. Nonetheless, in this excerpt, he addresses the relevance of video games, based on his personal experiences. In this excerpt, Blissel specifically talks about the video game Fallout 3 produced by Bethesda in 2008. To show how addictive video games can get, Blissel begins explaining the circumstances around his playing of Fallout 3. In his case, Blissel remembers nostalgically, how he missed to follow the happenings involving one of the most important events in the history of United States. While people were glued on their screens, watching CNN and other authoritative television channels for the election and swearing in of the first black president in the history of United States, Blissel was busy playing Fallout 3. Even though he had planned to play this for only a few hours before he would watch CNN, the game got interesting, and he spent more hours than expected, thus, missing the important historical event (B lissel 349-350). Even though Blissel clearly reveals that video games can be addictive, he goes ahead to defend this art form with a lot of passion. It is true, we are in a generation of gaming, and most people, including children, young people, and even adults will confess their love for video games. Although Blissel tends to criticize video games in this excerpt, he again believes that these can get even better. He thinks of video games as frustrating, in the way one has to kill characters and watch them die: â€Å"I killed his mother, and then everyone else. . .allowing your decisions to establish for your character identity as a skull-crushing monster. . .these pretensions to morality suddenly bored me† (Blissel 358). At the same time, he gives credit to video games, for being dazzling. This is in the way he thinks video games have a storyline. This is what makes him prefer to play video games than watch a film or read a novel. Although a novel has a storyline too, one mi ght not be able to concentrate on it for a few more hours like they can do with video games. Blissel thinks films do not have a storyline in the same way as video games. What makes video games appealing to Blissel is the fact that the player of the game is the one in control; therefore, it can never get boring. Apart from this, Blissel thinks playing video games creates another world for a person. They can escape the real world life, and get into another world, which they create themselves while playing video games. Blissel justifies this with his depressing moments when he would get a break by playing video games. Nonetheless, this excerpt describes in detail, Blissel’s descent into the world of Fallout 3, a video game, which has themes that are a reflection of his own compulsions that are self-destructive (Blissel 353-5). In this excerpt, Blissel generally discusses the relevance and importance of video games in people’s social lives. He as well defends video games f rom those biased against them. However, Blissel’s stand with regard to the importance of video games in the cultural aspect is quite ambivalent. Here, he compares video games to the traditional art forms such as novels and films. Comparison shows both the negative and positive sides of video games. Nonetheless, what comes out is that video games, to a larger extent, show a greater degree of incompatibility with the traditional art forms. Blissel purpose is quite clear in this excerpt. He aims at showing the importance of video games in society. This however, ends up in a two-sided argument, as one cannot establish whether video games are good or

Black Holes (Astronomy) Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Black Holes (Astronomy) - Term Paper Example This means that the general perception that if the sun runs out of its nuclear fuel and is turned into a black hole it will suck the Earth into it, is wrong (Novikov). A region of influence surrounds a black hole from where any mass or light cannot escape. At the boundary of this region light starts leaving the black hole thus the escape velocity from the gravitational field of the black hole at this point becomes equal to the speed of light. The set of such points surrounding the black hole where the escape velocity becomes equal to the speed of light forms a curved boundary which is known as event horizon. The calculation of the distance of event horizon from the centre of a black hole is a simple process if the black hole is uncharged and stationary, however in case of a charged and rotating black hole; the calculations involve very complex equations of particle physics. For a simple non-rotating and uncharged black hole, the radius of the event horizon is found to be directly proportional to the mass of the black hole and inversely proportional to the square of the speed of light. The effective mass of a black hole is the entire mass contained inside the boundaries of event horizon (Raine and Thomas). Black holes are of various different types the most common of which is stellar mass black holes which have masses up to 10 to 15 times of the mass of sun. The stellar mass black holes are formed when a star runs out of its nuclear fuel. A huge supernova explosion supersedes the formation of a black hole. The explosion results in the formation of a black core at the place where the parent star of the black hole existed. The boundary of the mass of the star only defines the core of black hole and after the formation of the black hole its influence extends up to the event horizon. Some of the black holes are present in the core of the galaxies and are of gigantic sizes ranging from

Intellectual Property Law Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Intellectual Property Law Master - Essay Example For the purpose of identification of the source of goods or services, marks enable consumers to ensure expected quality. Further, marks help consumers to identify goods and services that meet their individual expectations. Additionally, trademarks ensure accountability and responsibility for in the absence of these, a seller's mistakes or low quality products would be untraceable to their source. Therefore, trademarks not only provide an incentive to maintain a good reputation for a predictable quality of goods but also make it essential to be responsible for the quality and price of the goods manufactured or sold. One of the main underlying purposes of trade mark law is to protect the owner's investment in the quality of the goods or services sold from dilution due to unfair competition and deceptive advertising by unscrupulous competitors. With the purpose of defining which goods or services a company has rights over, all goods and services in the world are categorised into 45 (formerly 42) internationally recognised categories. A trade mark registration will only be for some of these categories. Further, within each category the trade mark application must specify exactly which goods/services are claimed. For instance, most trade mark registries will not accept applications which try to claim all goods in Class 1. Trademarks must be Trademarks must be actively used and defended in contrast to other forms of intellectual property such as copyrights and patents. A copyright or patent holder may "sit on" his creation and prevent its use, but a company claiming (even registering) a trademark that fails to make active use of it, or fails to defend it against infringement, may lose the exclusive right to it. Further, if a court rules that a formerly trademarked term has become "generic" through common use or in other words the average consumer doesn't realize it is a trademark, it may also be ruled invalid. (Trademark, 2006). In the sequel the registrability of certain types of marks under the 1994 Trade Marks Act, including the grounds for their acceptance or refusal will be contemplated. One, the trademark smell of roses as applied to Rambling Rose Dolls. Amendment to the U.K. Trademark Act in 1994 has resulted in a number of scent registrations being issued in the U.K. These include the registration of the smell of roses as applied to car tyres (Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd., Registration No. 2,001,416). In addition, applications for scent marks in other European countries have also originated and the OHIM has permitted the registration of a trade mark comprising "The Smell of Fresh Cut Grass (Application No. 428,870) for tennis balls. This mark is also registered in Benelux (Registration No. 591,693). (Sarginson, Lloyd C. & Sversky, Lillian, March 29, 2000). Many a time the purpose of scents is to increase the attractiveness of products. However, it is highly unlikely that potential consumers will associate these fragrances with the product and hence it makes the task of establishing adequate distinctiveness on this basis difficult. In order to be registrable a s mell mark: 1. It must be established that the smell is either used or will be used as a trademark. 2. The smell is an additional component created by the manufacturer and does not arise from the goods or services. 3. The public either associates or will associate the smell exclusively with that

Black Holes (Astronomy) Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Black Holes (Astronomy) - Term Paper Example This means that the general perception that if the sun runs out of its nuclear fuel and is turned into a black hole it will suck the Earth into it, is wrong (Novikov). A region of influence surrounds a black hole from where any mass or light cannot escape. At the boundary of this region light starts leaving the black hole thus the escape velocity from the gravitational field of the black hole at this point becomes equal to the speed of light. The set of such points surrounding the black hole where the escape velocity becomes equal to the speed of light forms a curved boundary which is known as event horizon. The calculation of the distance of event horizon from the centre of a black hole is a simple process if the black hole is uncharged and stationary, however in case of a charged and rotating black hole; the calculations involve very complex equations of particle physics. For a simple non-rotating and uncharged black hole, the radius of the event horizon is found to be directly proportional to the mass of the black hole and inversely proportional to the square of the speed of light. The effective mass of a black hole is the entire mass contained inside the boundaries of event horizon (Raine and Thomas). Black holes are of various different types the most common of which is stellar mass black holes which have masses up to 10 to 15 times of the mass of sun. The stellar mass black holes are formed when a star runs out of its nuclear fuel. A huge supernova explosion supersedes the formation of a black hole. The explosion results in the formation of a black core at the place where the parent star of the black hole existed. The boundary of the mass of the star only defines the core of black hole and after the formation of the black hole its influence extends up to the event horizon. Some of the black holes are present in the core of the galaxies and are of gigantic sizes ranging from

Cover Letter Handbook Essay Example for Free

Cover Letter Handbook Essay Register in the AIC Career Services database to view part-time and full-time jobs, work study opportunities, and internships in the Career Services web-page. View MonsterTrak jobs (jobs requiring 1-3 years) experience directly through the Career Services Job database. AIC Career Services is located in the Campus Center. E-mail: [emailprotected] or call 413-205-3237 to schedule an appointment Visit the college web-page at www.aic.edu, access the Career Services link to register. WHAT IS A COVER LETTER? A cover letter is an application or letter of interest for a particular job whether solicited from advertisement or non-solicited. A cover letter should always be included with a resume. A cover letter introduces a job hunter to an employer and indicates a desire for an interview with that employer. THREE COMPONENTS TO A COVER LETTER 1. First Paragraph: States the desired position and how you learned about the job. Job hunters find employment openings through the newspaper, school, an employee of the company, or the Internet. 2. Second Paragraph: Includes the body of the letter and explains why you should be hired by describing how your work experience qualifies you for the job. Refer the employer to the resume when describing qualifications. But do not repeat the same information that is in the resume. Indicate why you are interested in the company. (Use a third paragraph to further explain your qualifications and interests if necessary). 3. Final Paragraph: Indicates a desire for an interview. Include contact information and indicate the type of response you anticipate from the letter. Always detail how you will follow up on your application. With the exception of school districts, never end the cover letter with look forward to hearing from you soon. An employer (other than school districts) may not  call candidates so it is ineffective to put the ball in the employers court. As a freshman, your main concern is most probably what MAJOR to choose. There are a variety of different ways to help you determine a possible major: 1) Get feedback from friends and family or those who know you best. Often, they can share with you what skills or attributes you have and this can help you in your decision to choose a major or potential career. Remember to use their feedback only as assistance in your decision-making, and not as strict advice. 2) Take a values/skills/interests evaluation such as FOCUS that will assist to determine what kind of career you are interested in and also help with choosing a major. 3) Gain experience. Often, the best way to figure out your career path or major is to gain experience in fields that you are interested in. Look for a summer job or part-time job during school that will help you gain experience in a field that you are interested in. You can visit the career center or search online for employment. 4) Get involved with activities/groups/committees on your campus. This will not only be a way to socialize and build relationships, but is also a way to gain further experience and skills such as leadership, teamwork, community service, etc. 5) Take your general education requirements first. This will help you focus on future courses that will help you achieve your career goals. SOPHOMORE 1) Start to set goals for yourself: both Career and Personal: Examples: I will get a summer job that I am interested in I will work on my organization skills I will get work on my study skills and maintain my GPA 2) Do your best in school! Potential employers value an employee with good grades and high academic achievement. Doing well in school demonstrates that you have motivation, determination, and intellect. 3) Start working on a resume and cover letter that can be given to potential employers. The career center offers cover letter and resume-writing assistance. 4) Browse career literature in the career office or look online at different jobs you are interested in and the skills that each job requires. JUNIOR 1) Look into internships that align with your course of study. First, ask your advisor for contacts who offer internship experiences. The career center is a great place to search for internships. 2) Start developing a credential packet that can be sent to employers. This packet will include your resume, transcript, references, credential/certification documentations, and any other documentation that will enhance your opportunity to become employed. 3) Attend workshops that will build certain skills pertaining to your field of study and attend any career services workshops that are offered. 4) Update your resume periodically and have someone in the career office proof-read it along with any updated cover letters. SENIOR 1) Job search: Utilize the assistance of the career office and online websites. Attending job fairs is also a great way to meet employers. 2) Join associations within your field of study at a lower student rate. These memberships will also add credentials to your resume. 3) Mock interview: Practice your interviewing skills with a career services professional. 4) Maintain your credential packet that the career center can keep on file for you to send out to potential employers TIPS: Take care of yourself: physically and mentally. Make sure to get plenty of sleep and eat well. Exercising can also reduce stress and boost energy levels. Networking: The more people you know in a field that interests you, the better your chance is of getting a position in that field. Make yourself known to those who have connections and soon, you will have connections of your own. Keep options open. Your perfect job may not be the first one you get and being open to other locations, salaries, or populations can help you attain a job that will offer you the experience you need for future endeavors. Familiarize yourself with the latest technology in the career field you are interested in pursuing. Being knowledgeable of current technology is always an excellent asset to have and makes you more marketable.

Culture Shock: Causes and Effects

Culture Shock: Causes and Effects In the business industry the importance of expanding the business internationally is progressively growing. One industry which is constantly expanding its presence in international market is telecommunication industry. Telecommunication plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and as the global telecommunication industry. Due to increasing new market access and large number of global mergers and acquisitions within telecommunication industry larger number of managers and employees are becoming an expatriate working and living abroad. Therefore it is extremely vital to educate managers or employees in intercultural awareness. One of the very important aspects in the field of intercultural is the issue of Culture Shock. Many theories have been proposed to explain what Culture Shock is. Although the literature covers a wide variety of such theories, this review will focus on few major culture shock models which emerge repeatedly throughout the literature reviewed. Definition of Culture Shock The word Culture Shock was first introduced by world-renowned anthropologist Kalervo Oberg in 1960.He used the word culture shock to describe the anxiety resulting from not knowing what to do in new culture. Oberg (1960) as (cited in Dharm and Richard 2000, p. 2) Defined culture as occupational disease of people who have suddenly been transported abroad and suggested that culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that result from losing all our familiar signs and symbol of social intercourse In other words the term culture shock refers to the situation where an individual migrates from a culture to which he/she is familiar with to an unfamiliar one resulting in new experiences and causing distress and discomfort or sense of loneliness. Oberg definition on culture shock was supported by many renowned scholars. For example, Hofstede (1999) as (cited in Sonja Manz 2003,p.2) has also defined culture shock as a stress of distress following the transfer of a person to an unfamiliar cult ural environment . Furthermore, Alder (1975) as (cited in Yun and Qynh Le, 2012, p. 2). Also agreed with Oberg and Hosted definition and state that culture shock is a set of emotional reactions which occurred when an individual leave its own culture and move completely into a new culture. However, Marx contradicts with Oberg, Adler and Hofstede view on culture and offers far more interesting and promising view on Culture. Her view on culture shock is more interesting because she views culture shock as a positive and learning experience. Marx view on culture shock was supported by Hawes and Kealey (1981) study (Cited in Marx 1999, p6) which was conducted on Canadian expatriates working or living in Africa. The study showed that expatriates who experienced intense culture shock are most likely to adapt effectively and adjust into the new culture easily. Thus Culture Shock should be seen as positive experience not negative. Different Theories on Culture Shock Oberg was the first one to develop a model of adaptation that suggests that going abroad or working interntionally put individuals through a cycle of distinct phase on a way to final adaptation. The model has four stages in which expatriate goes through. The first stage is honeymoon stage. In this stage telecommunication expatriate is very excited about moving into different country. The expatriate viewed his new life as providing endless opportunities the expatriate is usually in the state of exhilaration. This is followed by crisis-phase, culture shock set in-In this stage expatriate realize that something not quite right. Expatriate feels frustrated, anxious and angry. In this stage expatriate realizes the problems and starts to cope with the new culture. This is followed by recovery stage. This third phase of recovery usually starts accepting that he/she has a problem and start to find ways to deal with the problems. Finally expatriate reached into Adjustment stage, in this stage anxiety and frustration vanishes and is replaced by confidence and acceptance of host values, the expatriate is able to work effectively and accept the culture and behaviors of host society are accepted. (Marx, 1999). Other Academic professors also came up with a model which was very similar to Obergs model but with a different terms. For example Adler 1975 (Cited in Pedersen, 1999 pg. 4), came up with a model which divided the process of adaptation into five stages: contact, disintegration, reintegration, autonomy and independence. Furthermore, Richard 1974 (Cited in Pedersen, 1999 pg. 4), came up with a model which named the four stages as: elation, depression, recovery and acculturation. Even though the model developed by Richard and Adler vary little bit compared to Oberg model but the general linear process of culture remains relatively constant. However Marx criticizes the model developed by Oberg, Richard and alder. She states that it is not necessary that not every individu al will go through the same process according to Obergs models. She also states it is more realistic to use a model of culture shock that does not strictly linear but integrates a dynamic and repetitive cycle of positive and negative phases until you break through culture shock (Marx, 1999 pg. 10). However, one of the popular models on adjustment is U-Curve. It was initiated by Lysggard (1955) as (cited in Thomas 1947, page 221) The U-curve is very similar to Obergs fours stages of transition. According to (Lysggard , 1955) expatriate progress at regular interval through three phases of honeymoon, culture shock, and finally adjustment. In the Honeymoon stage, expatriate is excited about moving into new culture; new environment intrigues the expatriate in much the same way as if the expatriate was tourist. This is followed by Culture Shock stage, in this stage expatriate is frustrated and confused because the new environment is not providing familiar cues and finally reaching to Adjustment Stage, in this stage expatriate start to understand the new culture, learn the way to get things done in the new culture. In 1963 the U-Curve model expanded to W shape when repatriation is considered in other words the expatriate achieve the mastery stage and begins to function effectively int o the new culture almost as well as at home. Even though U-Curve has been a really popular model but After testing 54 years of testing the research support U-Curve has not been convincing. Although some support have found for the U-Curve but it has been criticized by many scholars. Church (1982) has regarded U-curve to be very weak. Furthermore academic professor like Furnham and Bochner 1986 (cited in Jan Selmer , 1999 pg .4) Also reject the U-curve and argue that it is too vague and too generalized. However, Black and Mendenhall 1991 (Cited in Jan Selmer, 1999 pg. 6) Conclude due to the lack of methodological rigor in many of the investigations, a rejection or acceptance of the U-Curve by scholars or cross cultural trainers would be premature. Despite the lack of empirical support, the idea that expatriates might go through some systematic and discernible pattern of adjustment remains a very attractive notion both on an academic and a practical perspective. Acculturation There are a number of studies which have emerged on the culture shock but one of the most prominent theories on acculturative stress proposed by Berry was established as an alternative of word culture shock. The term culture shock was redefined by (Zheng Berry, 1991) as a form of stress. The reason berry gave for replacing the term Culture Shock with acculturative stress is the word shock is very negative while stress can be either both positive and negative aspects. The term stress was developed based on the concept of acculturation. (Redfield, Linton, and Herskovits (1936) as (Cited in Yun Quynh, 2012, p, 3) defined acculturation as, Acculturation comprehends those phenomena which result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, with subsequent changes in the original cultural patterns of either or both groups..However (Berry, 1970; Furnham Bochner, 1986) as (Cited in Yun Quynh, 2012, p, 3) did not agree with the definition of Refiled and Herskovits they argued that acculturation should be discussed at an individual level because acculturation is a change in the psychology of the individuals rather than group level. One of the popular acculturation model that has emerged in many studies by scholars is Berrys acculturation strategies model .Which list four response or types or acculturation. These are Assimilation, Separation, Marginalisation and integration. This model describes possibilities of response around two dimensions and acculturation. The first, based on maintaining cultural identify and the second around maintaining links with other groups. Depending on how respondents react to these two dimensions. Berrys (1991) model yields the fourfold classification of the acculturation model chosen by individuals. When individuals maintain a strong cultural identify, yet associated with member of other cultural group this leads to an integration strategy in which important elements of both cultures are bl ended. A separatist response refuses to identify with the host culture and idealizes home culture leading to increased ethnocentric societies and chaunvisnism. Individuals only weakly identifying among their culture of origin and becoming strongly attached to the host culture are assimiltionsit. Finally individual who does not have an interest in their own culture or fail to build relationship with the host local community are marginalized. Although acculturation theory stimulated a great number of studies on intercultural. There are some questions about the theory that Scholars pose. Firstly Benet-Martinez Haritatos, 2005 (Cited in Yun Yue Quynh le, 2012, p. 5) Argues , that Berry Four acculturative strategies are very generalized. Secondly, Rumdmin, 2003 (Cited in Yun Yue Quynh le, 2012, p. 3) Questioned the validity of marginsiation. Problems caused by culture shock for expatriate When an Individual encounters a new culture and experience culture shock .The change and unfamiliarity within the new culture affect their psychological adjustment and participation in that new cultural surrounding. This psychological. This psychological mystification and emotional discomfort usually create tremendous amount of stress. The negative impact of culture shock individual psychology often includes a large and diverse set of symptoms such as anxiety, depression etc.However, not everyone will be affected by all of these symptoms but almost all people will experience some part. When depression, anxiety and feeling of helplessness accumulate individuals who are affected by these symptoms find it very difficult to pay attention to the learning of new culture as a result it decreased their motivation of adapting new environment. However, if an individual fails to fight against the symptoms of culture shock they are more likely to become a hostile to host nationals which may lead to handicap of interpersonal relationship. It is often discussed by many scholars dealing with psychological stress caused by culture shock such as depression, anxiety very significant for those people who come in contact with new culture .( Junzi Xia,2009).Culture shock is one of the challenge that will might act as a barrier for telecommunication company. As part of their plan they want to ensure that the process of internationalisation runs as smoothly as possible. Initial meetings and research between your team and the senior board has identified the following issues that are likely to cause challenges within cross-cultural working  cause challenges within cross-cultural working PART TWO: Recommendations for Overcoming Cross Cultural Challenges Choose THREE recommendations to help prevent the challenges from occurring. In this section three recommendations will be provided to the organization in order to minimize the impact of culture shock on their employees. 1. Cultural Awareness In order to adjust quickly into a new environment. It is very important for expatriate to become familiar with the culture of the host country before departing. One of the main reasons for this it will provide expatriates a better understanding of host culture values and customs. With the familiarity of new culture expatriate can imagine of the problems or obstacles he/she might encounter as a result it will make the new surroundings more acceptable. According to research carried out by many scholars the more understanding and knowledge expatriate has about the new culture the more quickly he/she will be able to adapt to the environment. In a different culture, non verbal communication might be different, such as physical space between two people who are communicating. For example, For Americans twenty inches is normal distance during communicating .While Saudi Arabians prefer to stand closer during communicating. This can be viewed as rude and bad-mannered by Americans. Consequently when Saudi Arabian enters America , He/she might find hard to adjust in a new environment which is completely different to their home culture as a result anxiety and nervousness appear as he/she is not prepared to cope with culture shock. It is very important that expatriate has full knowledge and understanding of the new culture before they go there. This will not only help them to adapt quickly but will also lessen the chances of suffering from stress and anxiety. The disadvantage of this type of approach is it is very time consuming and sometimes its not possible to understand all the aspects of the new environment through books, journal etc. Before transferring expatriate aboard.It is very important that organization provide a range of literature on the country where they are sending expatriate these might include books, journals, newspapers etc. (Ferraro, 2006). 2. Cross cultural training programs Another method I would recommend to organizations in order to lessen the impact of culture shock on their employees is to provide Pre-departure Cross Cultural Training programs. These are designed to reduce the uncertainty associated with a new environment. The purpose of these cross cultural programs is to provide information about the culture of new environment where expatriate will be working as well as to provide information how to interact with the people of that particular culture. Many Scholars have view cultural training as an effective tool for expatriate to adjust into a new environment successfully. (Mendenhall et al. 2002, p. 177) state Cross cultural training can be effective in sensitizing individuals to cultural issues, in facilitating adjustment to foreign culture, in improving work performance abroad, and in helping employees to develop a global mindset. Furthermore, Mendenhall 1990, (cited in Rehg, M. and Gundlach, M. 2001 p. 3) Carried out the study in which they f ound a significant relationship between cross-cultural training and performances. Other studies suggested this view for example, (Black et al.,1991; Harrison, 1994; Katz and Seifer, 1996) as (cited in Robert H and Mike, 2004, p. 5) Carried out studies which suggest that various forms of pre-departure and post-arrival orientation programs provided by the organization can lessen the impact of culture shock and improve cross cultural adjustment process. However Scholars like Selmer, Torbio ¨rn de Leon, (1998) as (cited in Jan Selmer , 1999 pg. 14) states that post cultural training is more effective compared to the pre-arrival-cross cultural training. Even though it is acknowledged by many scholars that intercultural training help to reduce the impact of culture shock but some top-level manager believe this kind of training is very expensive, time consuming and an effective. It can cost companies up to $80,000 or more to provide a rigorous, in- depth to an expatriate. Therefore , Some organizational officials perceive cross cultural training program waste of time and money. In some cases managers feel thats there is insufficient time to provide the necessary cross-cultural training required and decide to forego such training.One of the biggest disadvantage of training is it is not guaranteed that after receiving the extensive training expatriate will be able to adapt more quickly in the new environment. Even though studies suggest that cross cultural training help expatriate to adapt more effectively but everyone is different some expatriate may benefit it from it some might not . Although it is very cost effective to provide cross-cultural training and some manager find it ineffective but it is really important to provide some cross-cultural training to expatriate. If the company does not provide any cross-cultural training the expatriate might take time to adapt into a new environment or might fail completely. As a result company might incur huge cost. T he cost might range between around US $250,000-$1 Million (Vo ¨gel, Millard and Vuuren 2008, p. 3). As (cited in Gupta, R. Et al. 2012, p. 2 Help and support during the assignment It is very important that expatriate receives a support and assistance during their It has been proven in many studies conducted by many scholars that social support and guidance contributes significantly in adjusting into the new environment. If the expatriate does not get any support and is being left alone. It would increase the negative impact of culture shock therefore making it more difficult to adjust in the new environment. Research also show culture that emphasize interdependence suffer less from psychological stress than who live in culture which emphasizes independence Lafreniere Cramer, 2005 (as cited in Junzi xi, 2009, p. 3), In order to avoid being left alone lot of companies who send their expatriate abroad offers support with day-to -day life like banking, transpiration etc.. Many companies have their own relocating services that helps expatriate with all the basic tasks these include organizing schools for children etc. All these measures help to prevent culture sho ck. Overall it is very important that expatriate keep receiving support and assistance for the 1-2 months or until the expatriate settle into a new environment. Even though it is very time consuming but it will definitely help expatriate to settle into new environment easily .If the organization cannot afford to provide cultural-training to its employee providing support and assistance is the best method they can choose to help expatriate . The advantage of this type of approach is that company does not have to spend lots of money on training and secondly, the expatriate will be able to adjust more quickly